EuroMed2024 Workshop 2

Cultural and Creative Tourism as a Driver for Sustainable Development

We are pleased to invite you to participate in the workshop organised by the SECreTour project in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair on Digital Cultural Heritage at Cyprus University of Technology.

Cultural and Creative Tourism as a Driver for Sustainable Development

Cultural Heritage has always been a net attractor for tourists from ancient times (Pausanias’ Description of Greece 2nd century AD) through to the medieval pilgrimages (Codex Calixtinus: Iter pro peregrinis ad Compostellam – Pilgrim’s Guide to Santiago de Compostela 12th century AD) and from the “Grand Tour” of the 17th and 19th centuries to modern bucket list destination package deals. Figures for EU tourism in 2019 placed the value of the whole EU tourist market sector at approximately €572 billion, and that 40% of all destination selections are based on cultural offerings.

Tourism can significantly contribute to local economies, bring investment and infrastructure developments into regions and support employment. As a tool to revitalise marginalised or underdeveloped regions and promotion of cultural tourism can bring significant benefits to communities, but this is not without risk or consequences. Notably since the anthropause of the global pandemic, there has been a global backlash to tourism from local residents with high profile destinations like Venice, Italy, Mount Fuji, Japan and The Canary Islands, Spain, rethinking tourist activities and access.

This workshop will consider the role that Digital Cultural Heritage can play in supporting informed, responsible and sustainable Cultural Tourism from both sides the service provider and the consumer tourist.

Organisers

Accepted Abstracts and Authors

Eachtra Archaeological Projects
Ireland

Maurizio Toscano

Maurizio Toscano is an ICT specialist in the design and development of Web Information Systems and GIS platforms, in the fields of cultural heritage, training and remote learning. He has a PhD in Digital Humanities from the University of Granada (Spain), a master’s degree in Information and Communication Technology in Archaeology from the Università di Siena (Italy), and a bachelor’s degree in Cultural Heritage Conservation from Università degli Studi della Tuscia (Viterbo, Italy).
In the last decade, he has been actively involved in drafting and executing several European, such as MEMOLA (FP7); REACH, DESIR and INCULTUM (H2020); and SECreTour (Horizon Europe). He is an expert evaluator for the European Commission for Cultural Heritage and for the Spanish Evaluation Agency (AEI) in the field of Digital Humanities. Since its inception in 2010, he has been in charge of the IT platform of the online participatory project Historic Graves (https://historicgraves.com).

Interested or just curious? Irish graveyards: from community-led heritage projects to community-let tourism experiences
This contribution explores the evolution of the Historic Graves project, a community-driven initiative that began over a decade ago. Initially founded by a small group of archaeologists working with two primary stakeholder groups—local Irish communities connected to graveyards by proximity and members of the Irish diaspora linked to graves by genealogical ties—the project sought to document and preserve the cultural heritage of historic graveyards in Ireland through digital technology. By empowering local communities to survey, map, and share information on gravestone inscriptions and cemetery histories, the Historic Graves project became a recognised genealogical and educational resource.
Over time, the project gradually developed into a significant tourism resource, creating a geolocated genealogical dataset that identifies ancestral origins across Ireland. This has encouraged diasporic tourists to visit specific places associated with their family histories, enhancing their connection to Irish heritage while fostering a deeper sense of place and identity for local community members.
In recent years, European-funded innovations actions transformed this resource into a more structured tourism product, with online destination microsites and onsite trails. Local community volunteers now play an active role, both in creating Points of Interest (POI) booklets and in guiding tourists, and in curating the content offered by the destination module, offering a participatory heritage experience.
A significant aspect of the project’s success lies in its model of engagement, which resembles a narrowing pyramid form: a broad base of “curious” users exploring the surface of the content offered (being that the online platform or the printed booklets), a smaller segment of “interested” users, registering online or scanning QR codes to explore additional content, and a dedicated few who could become “true fans”, who actively participate in heritage documentation and support. This model underscores the project’s unique ability to engage and deepen connections with cultural heritage across various levels of interest and involvement.

Eachtra Archaeological Projects
Ireland

John Tierney

John Tierney is a grassroots heritage specialist, Eachtra CEO, and director of the online participatory project Historic Graves (www.historicgraves.com). He has deep knowledge in digital management of cultural heritage data, with more than 10 years providing tailored ICT solutions in Cultural Heritage, Archaeology, History, History of Arts, Cultural Tourism, Rural heritage and Historical Towns.

QR codes and bottom-up tourism intelligence- the Historic Graves case study
The Historic Graves pilot is part of the Horizon EU SECreTOUR project which commenced in April 2024. Using geolocated community surveys of historic graveyards published to www.historicgraves.com this pilot is researching sustainable cultural heritage approaches to developing creative and engaging tourism products.
A key tenet of the SECreTOUR approach is that tourism can be a tool used for the benefit of local communities. This talk examines how co-created local trails, built on top of the original community historic graveyard surveys can develop into a national tourism resource providing heritage information to residents and tourists alike whilst also gathering previously untapped tourism intelligence. Just as the community groups have co-ownership of the heritage survey datasets, they also become co-owners of the associated tourism intelligence.
The methodology being researched combines rich and deep geolocated genealogical datasets with simple, low-cost, parish level heritage trails which, using dynamic QR codes, gather anonymised tourism intelligence as well as providing a means for building potential conversations between visitors and the local communities. This talk will cover pilot research in West Waterford.

Europeana Foundation
The Netherlands

Jolan Wuyts

Jolan currently works in the Europeana Collections team to improve collections visibility, innovate editorial and thematic collection production, and support campaigns and external projects. Jolan co-chairs the Diversity and Inclusion cross-team. He is a project manager for multiple Generic Service and H2020 projects.
Jolan holds Master’s degrees in Digital Humanities from KU Leuven and History from Ghent University. He is interested in digital library science, information databases, and knowledge communication and dissemination in a historical perspective. He also enjoys Calvin & Hobbes, Magic: the Gathering, and Critical Role.

Tourism as a new market in the data space for cultural heritage
Europeana’s increased efforts towards encouraging reuse of digital heritage in the data space for cultural heritage will lead it to try and penetrate new markets, namely the Media and Tourism markets. Both of these markets have their own set of opportunities and challenges. This talk aims to open up discussions around the challenges and opportunities for the tourism sector: are there needs in the Tourism sector that can be answered by digital heritage platforms? What activities, file formats, curated datasets, and engagement does the sector need? What specific actors within the sector are most useful to target? And what return on investment can be expected from fostering reuse in Tourism?

Centre for Research and Technology
Greece

Evdoxia Eirini Lithoxoidou, Stelios Krinidis, Polyvios Raxis, Dimosthenis Ioannidis, Dimitrios Tzovaras

Evdoxia Eirini Lithoxoidou is a highly motivated software engineer with a strong foundation in software development and public relations. With nearly a decade of experience at the Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), she currently works as a PhD candidate focused on human-agent interaction and affective computing. Skilled in data science, statistical analysis, and decision-making under pressure, she leads work packages for major European H2020 projects. Her research emphasizes empathic response in technology, contributing to innovations in affective technology and gamification, with more than 10 publications to date.

Multidimensional approach fostering sustainable tourism growth in rural and remote regions
The TOURAL project aims to revitalize rural and remote regions in Europe through sustainable and creative tourism development, emphasizing local community engagement, innovative business models, and new job opportunities. By prioritizing rural and remote areas, the project seeks to create a balanced approach between urban tourism hubs and underdeveloped rural communities. Through a multidimensional model, TOURAL will address diverse tourism niches—underwater cultural and nature heritage, cultural and creative tourism, cultural science tourism, and silver tourism (UCCST). This integrated approach aim to leverage a range of value-chains and collaborations with local stakeholders, fostering cross-border and macro-regional synergies.
TOURAL’s framework emphasizes inclusivity and participation. Local communities and stakeholders will co-design policy pathways, collaboratively developing tourism offerings, services, and business models to foster the unique regional strengths. This participatory approach aims to ensure that tourism initiatives will resonate with community interests while promoting sustainable economic growth. The strategic dimension of TOURAL involves assessing barriers and sustainability, establishing action plans, and testing concepts through small-scale implementations that are validated with stakeholders’ feedback.
Furthermore, TOURAL is emphasizing policy innovation, supporting updates to Smart Specialization Strategies (S3) using a bottom-up approach. Capacity building is central, with workshops and training sessions aimed at upskilling the local workforce, addressing community needs, and managing potential conflicts. In terms of business planning, the project envisions multi-destination, diversified tourism packages that will support the project’s smart UCCST goals.
Finally, through its work in the business financing front, TOURAL will offer a one-stop-shop for partnerships, mentoring, and funding, creating a stable foundation for regional tourism value chains to flourish. This comprehensive approach plans to empower rural regions to become attractive, sustainable tourism destinations, unlocking new economic opportunities and enhancing the quality of life for local communities.

Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University
China

Anna Vichnevetskaia, Y. Wang, Y. Li, N. Webb

The Evolving Concept of Authenticity in Heritage and Cultural Tourism
This study explores the impact of Extended Reality (XR) technologies on cultural heritage tourism, focusing on their capacity to enhance authenticity and visitor engagement. The notion of authenticity remains a contentious issue in heritage conservation and cultural tourism studies. Interpretations of what constitutes ‘authentic’ span a broad spectrum. At one end of this spectrum lies the view of authenticity being enshrined in the originality of an object. This perspective emphasizes the material originality of artifacts and sites, placing value on tangible, verifiable attributes. It aligns closely with conventional conservation practices that prioritize the preservation of physical integrity. In contrast, more recent constructivist and post-modernist approaches have shifted the focus to socially constructed and even entirely subjective experiences of authenticity. These interpretations recognize authenticity as a social or deeply personal phenomenon, acknowledging that perceptions of what is ‘real’ or ‘genuine’ can vary significantly among different observers or participants.
The introduction of digital technologies into this landscape has further complicated and expanded our understanding of authenticity. As tourism settings increasingly engage Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) applications, it is crucial to unravel how these digital innovations influence perceptions of authenticity and shape cultural experiences. This research addresses a significant gap in the literature by examining the complex interplay between XR technologies, evolving concepts of authenticity, and cultural tourism experiences. It looks at how XR can bridge traditional object-based authenticity with more contemporary, experiential interpretations, potentially enhancing both dimensions. Through a series of case studies, we demonstrate XR’s unique ability to reveal hidden historical narratives, reconstruct past environments, and facilitate interaction with inaccessible artifacts. These experiences help visitors connect to heritage sites on a deeper level while allowing us an expanded understanding of authenticity in the digital age. This research advances our understanding of how innovative technologies can create more authentic, meaningful, and engaging heritage experiences in an increasingly digital world.

University of Oviedo
Spain

Marta Fernández Vilar & José Manuel Uría González

Llar Trad Fest: Enhancing Audience Connection with AI-Driven Sentiment Analysis in Music Festivals
Held in Pola de Somiedo (Northwest Spain), a village with fewer than 300 residents, Llar Trad Fest was a music festival that combined folk music with sustainability and community learning, creating a distinctive international atmosphere in a remote area during the summer 2024. The festival aimed to “return the favor” to small villages where the music now known as folk is often gathered and create an occasion that brought together musicians from various European countries. This type of event, deeply rooted in territoriality, community, traditional culture, landscape, and embodied experience, evokes unique emotions that we felt should be captured and quantified in a study that could potentially serve as a model for similar events. For this purpose, we conducted an interdisciplinary analysis bridging musicology and data science, combining a qualitative satisfaction survey with AI-driven analysis.
A key challenge within the broader European project, CULTURALITY: Cultural Heritage in Rural Remote Areas for Creative Tourism and Sustainability, of which this research is a part, is to understand how people engage with cultural heritage and traditional knowledge events. This understanding aims to improve the experiences of both organizers and visitors and to amplify the impact of cultural events in remote areas. This poster examines how innovative AI techniques, such as “opinion mining” and “sentiment analysis,” can provide deeper insights into audience engagement for cultural events, including music festivals and arts and crafts fairs.

Heritage Malta
Malta

Anthony Cassar

Anthony Cassar is the Head of the Technology and Experience Development Unit overseeing the preservation and digitization of over 90 national cultural heritage sites, including numerous UNESCO sites, entrusted to Heritage Malta, Malta’s national agency for cultural heritage. With over 30 years of experience in IT and multimedia, Anthony champions digital transformation initiatives to make Malta’s cultural heritage accessible and engaging worldwide. He is an advocate for high standards in digitization, especially in 3D digitization, and promotes the reuse of 3D digital assets in various outreach efforts, ensuring that Malta’s rich heritage is preserved and appreciated across borders and generations

Preserving the Past, Shaping the Future: Cultural Heritage Tourism in Malta
Cultural heritage tourism in Malta provides a unique lens into the island’s history, showcasing UNESCO World Heritage Sites, traditional architecture, and vibrant cultural events. The tourism sector here is evolving, with visitors increasingly seeking immersive experiences that connect them to Malta’s diverse past. Malta’s rich historical narratives, compact size, and high density of heritage sites make it a standout Mediterranean destination, significantly contributing to the national economy by bolstering GDP and providing employment in heritage-related sectors.
However, this growth brings challenges, including the need to balance preservation with tourism demands, manage infrastructure, and address congestion at key sites. A shift toward sustainable tourism practices is necessary to maintain both visitor satisfaction and community well-being.
Digital transformation plays a pivotal role in enhancing Malta’s cultural tourism appeal. Initiatives like virtual tours, online ticketing, and interactive digital guides offer visitors engaging ways to explore Malta’s heritage before arrival and enrich their experiences on the islands. These tools are particularly appealing to younger, tech-savvy travellers.
Expanding Malta’s heritage tourism requires tapping into niche markets and promoting lesser-known sites to diversify its cultural offerings. Targeting specialized tourism, like dark tourism and military history, can attract specific audiences, while extending activities into shoulder seasons can address seasonal dips in tourism. To stay competitive, Malta must balance heritage preservation with tourism growth by embracing sustainable, immersive experiences and involving local communities, ensuring its heritage remains significant for future generations.

University of Exeter
The United Kingdom

Fabrizio Nevola

Professor Fabrizio Nevola is the Head of Art History and Visual Culture and the Deputy Head of the Department for Languages, Cultures and Visual Studies. He was the Director of the Centre for Early Modern Studies (2016-20), and is an elected member of University Senate. He specialises in the urban, cultural and architectural history of Early Modern Italy, including a special interest in street life, and is involved in innovative work using digital art history approaches for research and public engagement.
Fabrizio did his undergraduate degree in Modern History and Italian at University College, Oxford and MA (History of Architecture) and PhD (History of Art) at the Courtauld Institute of Art. He has held research fellowships at the University of Warwick, the Canadian Centre for Architecture (Montreal), the Medici Archive Project (Florence), and Harvard University’s Villa I Tatti (Florence). In 2022, he was Visiting Professor at Ca’ Foscari, University of Venice, Centre for Digital and Public Humanities.
Fabrizio’s first book, Siena: Constructing the Renaissance City (Yale University Press, 2007) was awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects, Sir Nikolaus Pevsner International Book Award for Architecture. His most resent monograph is Street Life in Renaissance Italy (Yale University Press, 2020): it was shortlisted for the Renaissance Studies Biennial book prize (2022). Among various edited volumes, he most recently edited Hidden Cities. Urban Space, Geolocated Apps and Public History in Early Modern Europe (Routledge, 2022).

Public Renaissance: location based interpretation of early modern urban space
We increasingly order the world around us in geo-spatial terms, empowered by mobile devices and geo-location, toggling between 2D maps to 3D street views. The potential of these same technologies for historical research on cities and landscapes is only starting to be realized. At the same time Augmented Reality (AR) invites a new approach to the ‘museum without walls’, reuniting cultural heritage – cities, buildings, artworks – across time and space. Drawing from the example of the HistoryCity apps (formerly Hidden Cities, see www.historycityapps.org) developed over the past ten years, this paper considers how digital art history methods are creating new research opportunities, while at the same opening up new ways to engage the wider public with urban heritage. Spatially-determined research questions encourage us to think about how meaning is constructed from the triad of spaces-objects-people, while spatial technologies allow us to shape innovative responses to those questions, ranging from interactive map interfaces to locative interpretation delivered on handheld devices. Meanwhile storytelling strategies allow us to consider multiple perspectives, challenging the canon, and introducing new voices into how we interpret the past. In so doing we’re discovering new things about the material culture of public space in the past, but also making that research directly available to the public. Moreover, a trail-based approach can effectivley help supporting informed, responsible and sustainable Cultural Tourism by proposing destinations and routes that draw users away from the most frequented or overtouristed destinations.

University of Algarve
Portugal

Daniela Toledano, Paula Gomes da Silva, Desidério Batista and Manuela Guerreiro

Be-Cultour Project: a co-creation experience on circular and sustainable tourism in Algarve, Portugal
In 2021, the University of Algarve/Algarvensis Geopark was selected to join the Be.Cultour project community as a mirror innovation ecosystem. Be.Cultour project, which took place between 2021 and 2024, had as it main goal the transformation of cultural heritage, particularly in remote and economically depressed areas, into a catalyst for social and economic growth, through the implementation of innovative, circular, human-centered tourism. The consortium brought together a network of actors to co-create tools and solutions to enhance cultural heritage while empowering local communities to develop sustainable and innovative tourism solutions.
To achieved the objectives Be.Cultour created a community, consisting of 6 pilot heritage ecosystems and 16 mirror innovation ecosystems that worked in a peer learning system that included knowledge transfer, namely: methodologies, tools and practices.
The aim of this article is to report on the experience of Geopark Algarvensis as a mirror ecosystem throughout the duration of the project, especially through the peer learning events and the toolkit resources.
Algarvensis Geopark covers an area of 2428 km2, of which 1585 km2 are terrestrial and contain an important geological heritage, as well as natural and cultural heritage. A significant part of this territory, to the north, are unpopulated, economically impoverished rural areas with poor connections to the south coast.
The framework provided by the Be.Cultour project made it possible to systematise information and collect new data on potential natural and cultural resources for sustainable and circular tourism, to identify opportunities and stakeholders among local people, non-governmental organisations, economic operators and local and regional authorities. It was also an opportunity to design a pilot project for circular tourism through sensory experience, with an ecopolicentric character, capable of revitalizing the villages, promoting the enhancement of natural and cultural heritage, the permanence of the local population and attracting new residents and economic activities.

University of Oviedo
Spain
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University of St Andrews
Scotland, The United Kingdom

Llara Fuente Corripio & Sharon Pisani

Llara Fuente Corripio is a researcher in Art History at the University of Oviedo. Her research focuses on rural heritage, sustainability, craftsmanship, and landscapes, with an emphasis on strategies that link cultural and natural preservation with territorial management—topics central to her ongoing doctoral thesis. She is a member of the EsArt research group. Additionally, she has contributed to other European and international projects, such as Craft Cultural Heritage (UE-18CRAFT-047089), as well as national projects in Spain.

Sharon Pisani is a researcher in the Computer Science at the University of St Andrews. Her research focuses on how heritage organisations can use emergent digital technologies to promote sustainable development in local communities.

Crafting Landscapes
How can the integration of crafts and interpretative tourism enhance the understanding and preservation of cultural landscapes, fostering sustainable territorial development?
In recent decades, the concept of heritage has significantly expanded beyond monuments to include intangible elements, the surrounding environment, and the intrinsic connection of local communities. This broader perspective has given rise to the notion of cultural landscapes, defined by UNESCO as “combined works of nature and of man” expressing a long and intimate relationship between people and their environment. Along ide these shifts, the tertiarization of economies and a renewed interest in rural areas have positioned tourism as a pivotal tool for territorial development. Within this context, crafts hold untapped potential for fostering a holistic vision of culture. Crafts are dynamic processes embodying the knowledge, skills, and cultural expressions of communities. Deeply intertwined with their originating landscapes, they reflect the availability of natural resources, climatic conditions, and historical land-use practices. Preserving both crafts and landscapes is essential, as each sustains the other.
Landscapes, often central to tourism campaigns and a “pull factor” for travelers, are frequently shaped by centuries of human activity. However, the decline of practices such as farming or livestock keeping threatens to erase these landscapes and the knowledge they embody. Tourism initiatives centered on craftsmanship provide immersive experiences, allowing visitors to engage with its creation and understand its significance. Interpretative tours focusing on the interplay between human activity and the environment address this issue, offering insights through rich storytelling that combines historical facts and anthropological narratives. By connecting visitors to local traditions and heritage, these tours create a holistic understanding of cultural landscapes. Additionally, technologies like VR and mobile apps recreate immersive environments, enabling tourists to appreciate the complex relationships between natural surroundings and cultural practices. This approach enriches visitor experiences while promoting sustainable tourism that preserves these essential landscapes.

The European Cultural Tourism Network (ECTN)
Belgium

Manos Vougioukas

Manos Vougioukas is the Secretary-General of the European Cultural Tourism Network (ECTN) non-profit international association, the only pan-European Network that brings together the cultural heritage and tourism sectors to work together for sustainable cultural and heritage tourism development and promotion. He has established, managed, and coordinated 12 EU co-funded projects on sustainable and cultural tourism during the past 25 years. He is the instigator and editor of the ECTN ‘Charter for Sustainable Cultural Tourism’, first published in 2014. He served as a member of the Stakeholders Committee for European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018, selected by the European Commission DG EAC. He has served as an evaluator for the EU Cohesion Fund, External service and Interreg programmes. He is a member of the Tourism Society, Europa Nostra, Interpret Europe, Europeana Network, as well as a Fellow of the Institute of Travel and Tourism (F.Inst.TT).

A Charter for Sustainable Cultural Tourism: Co-creation of Updated Edition
The ‘Charter for Sustainable Cultural Tourism’ was first proposed in September 2014, at the 7th Conference of the European Cultural Tourism Network (ECTN) held in Volos, Thessalia Region, Greece. The ‘Thessalia Charter’ as it became known was updated in 2106 and in 2018, the latter being the ECTN contribution to the European Year of Cultural Heritage. A major updating is required after 10 years to incorporate all relevant initiatives, developments and synergies.
The purpose of this Charter is to bring together in a single, comprehensive and integrated document the main principles, features, findings, conclusions and recommendations on smart and sustainable cultural and heritage tourism development and promotion. It aims to build on all relevant previous initiatives, declarations, resolutions, opinions and charters, to exploit synergies and facilitate implementation by national, regional and local authorities. The overall aim is to encourage sustainable and responsible tourism policies and actions across Europe and beyond, through engaging culture and heritage with innovation, resilience and cohesion.
The ECTN Charter is a statement of principles on regional policies and strategies which guide the development, planning, management, operations and promotion of smart and sustainable cultural and heritage tourism in the European Union and beyond, for the benefit of tourist destinations, host communities, businesses, citizens and visitors.
The updating process, starting at the 17th ECTN Conference held in Dublin, Ireland, in October 2024, is based on co-creation involving key stakeholders, such as EU institutions, Europa Nostra, European Travel Commission, ICOMOS ICTC, NEMO, ICOM, NECSTouR, GSTC, WTACH, UN Tourism (formerly UNWTO) and UNESCO, as well as relevant academic and research institutes.

The updated edition aims to include, inter-alia, the following:

EU Transition Pathway for Tourism.
European Capital of Smart Tourism.
Europa Nostra Europe Day Manifesto and Declarations.
UN Tourism relevant conferences conclusions.
Sustainable Development Goals.

Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica
Slovakia

Darina Rojíková, Kamila Borseková & Alexandra Bitušíková

Barbora route: Cultural Pilgrimage Tourism as a Catalyst for Sustainable Development in Central Slovakia
The territory Central Slovakia was once among the wealthiest and most developed regions of the former Kingdom of Hungary and Europe, primarily due to its extensive mining activities. Historically rich in social, economic, and technological development, the region now faces challenges rooted in two primary issues: the insufficient development of rural areas, particularly in villages further from urban centres, and the unsustainable growth of urban tourism. Pilgrimage tourism appears to offer a promising approach to addressing both of these issues, especially considering the existence of the Barbora Cultural Pilgrimage Route. The Barbora route connects historically significant mining locations and showcases the region’s tangible, intangible, and industrial heritage, including natural beauty and sites related to historical copper, gold, and silver mining in the mountains of what was then Upper Hungary.
This paper examines the Barbora Cultural Pilgrimage Route as a potential catalyst for the sustainable development of Central Slovakia. In addition to detailed information about the Barbora Route, the paper also compiles extensive statistical data on the municipalities along the route, including socio-economic and demographic profiles, as well as business statistics. This data offers a comprehensive view of the area’s overall profile and potential, includes strengths and weaknesses. Through a comprehensive overview of the Barbora Route, this paper explores its potential to stimulate balanced regional development and sustainable tourism model across Central Slovakia.